Towards a genetic model organism: an efficient method for stable genetic transformation of Eschscholzia californica (Ranunculales)

Abstract California poppy ( Eschscholzia californica ) is a member of the Ranunculales, sister order to all other eudicots and as such in phylogenetically highly informative position. Ranunculales are known for their diverse floral morphologies biosynthesis many pharmaceutically relevant alkaloids. E. it widely used model system study conservation flower developmental control genes. However, within options stable genetic manipulations rare systems thus difficult establish. Here, we present method efficient transformation via Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation, somatic embryo induction, regeneration californica. Further, provide rapid protoplast isolation transformation. This allows gene functions single-cell full plant context enable function analysis modification alkaloid pathways by e.g., genome editing techniques providing important resources organism